Summary :

Abstract

This paper examines the potential of decentralized solar energy (DSE) systems to advance social and territorial equity in the Euromed region, covering Southern Europe, North Africa, and parts of the Middle East. Against a backdrop of climate vulnerability, persistent energy poverty, and socio-economic disparities, decentralized solar solutions represent a powerful lever for inclusive climate action. Through an integrated analysis of case studies (Spain, Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon) and comparative policy review, this study explores how locally owned, small-scale energy systems can enhance energy access, foster economic empowerment, and strengthen community resilience.

DSE systems are well-suited to the region’s abundant solar resources and its uneven energy infrastructure. They provide reliable, affordable, low-carbon power to marginalized communities that remain underserved by centralized grids. The case studies reveal measurable social benefits from enhanced community participation and improved living standards to job creation and capacity building. Economic gains include reduced electricity costs, increased income stability, and strengthened local value chains, particularly in agriculture and small enterprises. Environmentally, decentralized systems significantly reduce GHG emissions and dependence on fossil fuel, contributing directly to the region’s climate commitments.

However, the research also identifies critical barriers limiting widespread adoption: high upfront investment costs, insufficient financial instruments, regulatory fragmentation, limited local technical capacity, and challenges related to battery lifespan, recycling, and end-of-life management of solar equipment. In low-demand rural areas, system viability can be constrained by limited economic activity, underscoring the need for integrated development strategies.

To address these gaps, the study recommends:

• Simplifying regulatory frameworks to reduce permitting burdens and facilitate grid integration for small-scale and community-owned systems;
• Expanding financial incentives through grants, concessional loans, cooperative financing, and public-private mechanisms;
• Investing in local skills and workforce development, especially in installation, maintenance, digital energy management, and storage technologies;
• Promoting technological innovation, including next-generation storage and circular-economy frameworks for PV and battery recycling;
• Strengthening regional cooperation, notably through bottom-up and top-down initiatives supporting evidence-based policymaking and bottom-up implementation.

Overall, decentralized solar energy constitutes a strategic opportunity to advance a fair, resilient, and low-carbon energy transition in the Euromed region. By empowering communities, reducing territorial inequalities, and supporting climate objectives, DSE systems can become a cornerstone of an inclusive Mediterranean energy future—provided that policy, financial, and technical frameworks are adapted to unlock their full potential.

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